An experimental and theoretical exploration of the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) phase diagram. The matter produced in collisions at the highest energies and the smallest baryon chemical potentials can change from quark-gluon plasma (QGP) to a hadron gas through a smooth crossover. But lower energy collisions can access higher baryon chemical potentials where a first-order phase transition line is thought to exist. The reach of the future DOE Basic Energy Sciences program at RHIC is shown, as are the trajectories on the phase diagram followed by the cooling droplets of QGP produced in collisions with varying energy. The present reach of lattice QCD calculations is illustrated by the yellow band. (Illustration: Swagato Mukherjee, Brookhaven National Laboratory.)

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